Conclusions circumcision prevalence among males in rural. In asia, the countries where female circumcision is practiced, but literature is singularly lacking, includes malaysia, indonesia. Slavery to the present, the social science journal 42. Naked, covered in white clay mud, and with his penis wrapped in leaves, abongile maqegu, 20, sits in a hut in south africa recovering from his circumcisiona traditional ritual that can prove fatal. Financing voluntary medical male circumcision through private medical aid schemes in namibia. In the 1950s and 1960s, however, african activists and medical practitioners brought the health consequences of female circumcision to the attention of international. Male circumcision is one of the oldest and most common surgical procedures worldwide, and is undertaken for many reasons. The distribution of circumcision and initiation rites throughout africa, and the frequent resemblance between details of ceremonial procedure in areas thousands of miles apart, indicate that the circumcision ritual has an old tradition behind it and in its present form is the result of a long process of development. South africa is a country that practices both traditional male circumcision tcm and voluntary medical male circumcision vmmc. Lines of latitude are often referred to as parallels.
Jul 23, 2017 naked, covered in white clay mud, and with his penis wrapped in leaves, abongile maqegu, 20, sits in a hut in south africa recovering from his circumcisiona traditional ritual that can prove fatal. In the early to mid2000s, several large randomized, controlled trials of male circumcision mc conducted in south africa, kenya, and uganda had shown an approximately 60 percent reduction in hiv incidence among circumcised heterosexual men. A considerable amount of literature is available on the more drastic variety of female circumcision namely, clitoridectomy and infibulation1 as practiced in africa. A circumcision operation, nupe, north nigeria wellcome m0005293. The involvement and heavyweight support of the united nations and the world bank for this programme basically means that the wheels currently in motion to circumcise all african males.
Traditional male circumcision in nigeria intactwiki. More than 16 000 men have so far been circumcised in namibia as part of a voluntary medical male circumcision programme. Within africa, male circumcision is widely practiced and almost universal in the north and west africa. The global spread of islam from the 7th century ad necessitated,, knowledge, attitudes and practices of men towards voluntary male medical circumcision. Oct 19, 2010 belief that all men should be circumcised and that male circumcision reduces the risk of being infected with hivaids is relatively high in several subsaharan african countries with low reported circumcision rates. Circumcision mc is common in many african countries. Pdf geographic coverage of male circumcision in western. This article examines variations in traditional circumcision practices and their relationship to hiv status.
On the other hand, in southern africa male circumcision is a rare practice. Female circumcision, religious identity, and personhood in guineabissaum. Belief that all men should be circumcised and that male circumcision reduces the risk of being infected with hivaids is relatively high in several subsaharan african countries with low reported circumcision rates. Namibia adopted the vmmc voluntary medical male circumcision strategy in 2009 but the strategic implementation plan was commenced in 20 to 2017. If we can accurately define a location to the nearest 1 second of latitude and longitude, we have specified its. Results of recent trials have renewed interest in this ancient procedure and its. We start by following hloni mahate as he goes for medical male circumcision. West and north african countries have higher prevalence than southern african countries.
Circumcision in africa metadata this file contains additional information such as exif metadata which may have been added by the digital camera, scanner, or software program used to create or digitize it. Though the issue of female genital cutting, or circumcision, has become a nexus for debates on cultural relativism, human rights, patriarchal oppression, racism, and western imperialism, the literature has been separated by diverse fields of study. If there were a national rollout of circumcision in south africa, it would be socially and politically important that all be targeted irrespective of ethnicity, hence blacks, whites and coloureds representing 79. The practice involves an enormous cost in human suffering, which in turn has an effect. Childrens health, hiv prevention, male circumcision, mens health, policy and legislation. Circumcision amongst the xhosa people of south africa represents a rite of passage to manhood.
Reading the bible in northwest tanzania in light of male. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any. The church and the 1929 female genital mutilation fgm. Circumcision in africa the distribution of circumcision and initiation rites throughout africa, the frequent resemblance between details of ceremonial procedure in areas thousands of miles apart, indicate that the circumcision ritual has an old tradition behind it and in its present form is the result of a long process of development. Subsaharan africa bears the greatest global burden of human immunodeficiency virus hiv infection. Traditional rites of passage are practices by various cultures in south africa. In east and central africa, kenya has the highest prevalence 84% followed by tanzania 70% while burundi, rwanda and uganda have very low prevalence of male circumcision who, 2007, 2009.
The practice of female circumcision among bohra muslims. Male circumcision mc is common in many african countries. Circumcision is prevalent among 92 % of around 62 % in subsaharan africa. For instance mc is nearly universal in north africa and much of west africa unaids, 2012.
Neonatal circumcision, largely for religious and cultural purposes, is performed on more than 85% of boys in nigeria, western africa, and majority. Every year, 2 million girls undergo circumcision which is about 600 cases occurring every day. Medical male circumcision for hiv prevention in south africa. Predictors of male circumcision incidence in a traditionally non. Geographic coverage of male circumcision in western kenya. African women and critical transformations awp, 1994, wonders at the growing popularity of narratives of victimhood about african women, in euroamerican. The aim of this study was to test an intervention for safe traditional circumcision in the context of initiation into manhood among the xhosa, eastern cape, south africa. Male circumcision policy, practices and services in the eastern cape province of south africa.
In western and northern parts of africa it is mainly performed for religious reasons, whereas in southern parts of africa it rarely performed in neonates, instead being a rite of passage into manhood. Strengthening health outcomes through the private sector project, abt associates. Bill gates, one of the worlds richest men is an advocate of circumcision and as such has used his influence to be part of a program to circumcise africa under the guise of a hiv prevention initiative. Not all initiation schools practice the same circumcision procedure, with some schools only performing a partial. Drs tobian and gray1 highlight the medical benefits of male circumcision, especially protection against infection with the sexually transmitted viral pathogens hiv, herpes simplex. Department of health officials say they plan to begin promoting medical male circumcision mmc among infants and young boys. Complications of traditional circumcision amongst young.
It may well be that the continentwide circumcision campaign to prevent aids is a principle cause of the. Analysis of a subsample of 3 025 men aged 15 years and older who participated in the first national populationbased survey on hivaids in 2002. Procedures, rationales, solutions, and the road to recovery shayla mcgee a note to the reader female circumcision and female genital mutilation represent the spectrum of surgical operations performed on the genitalia of young girls and. Traditional surgeons and nurses registered with the health department were trained over five days on. This list of resources contains links that can be accessed when viewing the pdf on a. In africa, the continent worstaffected by aids, a large percentage of men are circumcised. Africa, botswana, hiv, hiv counseling and testing, male circumcision, medical aid, namibia, south africa recommended citation. The nigerian feminist and literary critic, molara ogundipe leslie, in her provocative and insightful text, recreating ourselves. Male circumcision has become an important component of hiv prevention strategies in africa. Dec 18, 2016 male circumcision is the surgical removal of the foreskin.
Cost drivers for voluntary medical male circumcision using. This file is licensed under the creative commons attribution 4. A circumcision operation, nupe, north nigeria wellcome. May 09, 20 circumcision is well known to be practiced in africa. Traditional surgeons and nurses registered with the health department were trained over five days on ten. The distribution of circumcision and initiation rites throughout africa, the frequent resemblance between details of ceremonial procedure in areas thousands of miles apart, indicate that the circumcision ritual has an old tradition behind it and in its present form is the result of a long process of development. Pdf current views, level of acceptance, and practice of.
However, the uptake of circumcision in many subsaharan african settings remains low. The death and deformity caused by male circumcision in africa. Traditional male circumcision has an increased risk for complications that include sepsis, genital mutilation, gangrenous penis, excessive bleeding, dehydration, renal failure and death. In contrast, this volume brings together contributors from anthropology, public health, political science, demography, history, and epidemiology to. Knowing male circumcision and its advantages the guardian. Thesis islamic countries like sudan, who practice female genital surgeries, find no basis for the practice in the koran.
Methods and findings we examined the main cost drivers i. Traditional circumcision during manhood initiation rituals. Financing voluntary medical male circumcision through. Latitude and longitude of african locations, geographic coordinates. Circumcision is prevalent among 92% of men in north africa and around 62% in subsaharan africa. To commemorate youth month in june, healthe news is broadcasting a fivepart adolescent health series on morning live sabc 2. Condom avoidance and determinants of demand for male. It is even estimated that million girls and women are affected worldwide by this practice. In south africa, thousands of young boys are circumcised in traditional initiation schools each year. May 23, 20 circumcision amongst the xhosa people of south africa represents a rite of passage to manhood. The distribution of circumcision and initiation rites throughout africa, and the frequent resemblance between details of ceremonial procedure in areas thousands.
Circumcision, which cuts mens risk of infection by 60 percent or more, has been urged by health authorities since 2007. To investigate the nature of male circumcision and its relationship to hiv infection. More recently, the german traveller niebuhr, the sole survivor of a european scientific expedition to arabia, egypt, and syria in the late 1700s, reported that this operation was fairly prevalent taba, 1980. Male circumcision is common in many african countries and is almost universal in north africa and most of west africa.
Complications of traditional circumcision amongst young xhosa. In 2007 less than 15% of males were circumcised from botswana, zambia, and zimbabwe who, 2007. Voluntary medical male circumcision southern and eastern. Traditional circumcision during manhood initiation rituals in. It is against such a background that traditional male circumcision in southern nguni and other northern nguni ethnic goups, is perceived as an acropolis of african rite of passage and a catalyst. Circumcision is well known to be practiced in africa.
Their goal is to circumcise more than 20 million men, 80 percent of 15to. Male circumcision and its relationship to hiv infection in. Current views, level of acceptance, and practice of male circumcision in africa subregion article pdf available october 2009 with 72 reads how we measure reads. Medical male circumcision reduces incidences of hiv. Belief in male circumcision varies in subsaharan africa. Cons of male circumcision from hlwl 1109 at george washington university. Strabo, the greek geographer, also reported circumcision of girls as a custom he found when visiting egypt in 25 b. The death and deformity caused by male circumcision in africa cant be ignored. Voluntary medical male circumcision southern and eastern africa, 20102012.
Show full abstract in africa demonstrated that adult male circumcision decreases human immunodeficiency virus hiv acquisition in men by 51% to 60%. Aug 25, 2014 the death and deformity caused by male circumcision in africa cant be ignored. Sep 27, 2011 circumcision, which cuts mens risk of infection by 60 percent or more, has been urged by health authorities since 2007. Male circumcision in zambia in zambia, circumcision is traditionally practiced on a large scale only in northwestern province, an area with one of the lowest hiv rates in zambia. Aspects of male circumcision in subequatorial african. Diagram showing the relationship between degrees of latitude and ground distance. Elimination of female genital circumcision in nigeria.
Traditional circumcision rituals are part of the rites of passage for many young boys into manhood. The circumcision of africa bill gates, one of the worlds richest men is an advocate of circumcision and as such has used his influence to be part of a program to circumcise africa under the guise of a hiv prevention initiative. Male circumcision is the surgical removal of the foreskin. Financing voluntary medical male circumcision through private. Each man in south africa has the right to a safe and hygienic medical male circumcision. Circumcision has a wide variety of complications which include death.
Numu women and the campaign against excision in malic. Note that many places on the planet are also located at approximately 30o n such as austin, tx, northern florida, or northern africa. The death and deformity caused by male circumcision in. Voluntary medical male circumcision vmmc has been shown to reduce the risk for heterosexually acquired hiv among men by. Effectiveness of and financial returns to voluntary medical male. But in the highest hiv prevalence countries of southern and eastern africa, male circumcision rates are generally under 20%. We examine those cost drivers here, and estimate the potential efficiency gains through an econometric model. Chisquare tests and wilcoxon rank sum tests were used to identify factors associated with circumcision and hiv status, followed by a logistic. Background as voluntary medical male circumcision vmmc programs scale up, there is a pressing need for information about the important cost drivers, and potential efficiency gains. The distribution of circumcision and iniation rites throughout africa, and the frequent resemblance between details of ceremonial procedure in areas thousands of miles apart, indicate that the circumcision ritual has an old tradition behind it and in its present form is the result of a long process of development. Medical male circumcision mmc is the most hygienic, safest way to be circumcised, and the only way to ensure that you get the full sexual and health benefits. South africa performs worlds first successful penis transplant. Africa latitude and longitude and relative locations.
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